Based on the signed Annex 2 of the Memorandum of Understanding between the Institute of Metrology of Bosnia and Herzegovina (IMBIH) and the Bureau of Meteorology of the Republic of Northern Macedonia (BoM), IMBIH experts held hands-on training in Skopje, in the period 12.12.2022. - 16.12.2022. for BoM time and frequency laboratory staff. The aim of this training was to transfer knowledge and experience to colleagues in Northern Macedonia. The training covered the following topics:

• Basics of time and frequency metrology: definition of SI unit for time, atomic clocks BIPM clock stats and codes, Timing centers, acronyms, UTC/UTCr participants, lab equipment, Key Comparison CCTF-K001.UTC and traceability
• Effective participation in UTC realization: Administrative and technical requirements, Data exchange procedure and FTP access, Format of clock data files, Data submission deadlines, Publication of BIPM results
• Time transfer: GNSS receivers, RINEX and CGGTTS file format and reading the data, File headers information and HD file format, Meteorological data file format, GNSS calibration
• Calibration of stopwatches using totalize method: equipment setup, test measurements, data analysis and uncertainty calculation, traceability chain 

During the visit, an analysis of the current state of the BoM time and frequency laboratory was done, with the detection of problems, potential solutions, and suggestions for further development.

This practical training and knowledge transfer is the result of good cooperation between the Institute of Metrology of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bureau of Metrology of Northern Macedonia and will be very beneficial to colleagues in Northern Macedonia for the future development of their time and frequency laboratory.